Which principle prevents the government from punishing individuals without due process?

The due process clause of the 14th Amendment is the correct answer because it explicitly states that no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." This principle is central to ensuring that all individuals are granted a fair legal procedure before any government action that could affect their rights or freedoms. This clause serves as a safeguard against arbitrary and unfair governmental actions, guaranteeing that legal proceedings must be conducted fairly and that individuals have the right to a hearing and the chance to defend themselves.

The other options pertain to different legal protections. The equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment addresses discrimination and mandates that individuals in similar conditions be treated equally by the law. The free speech clause of the 1st Amendment protects individuals’ rights to express their ideas and opinions without government interference. The right to bear arms clause of the 2nd Amendment pertains to individuals’ rights related to firearm ownership. Each of these clauses serves important roles in the protection of individual rights but does not specifically address the issue of due process in the same way the due process clause does.