What does the term "checks and balances" refer to?

The term "checks and balances" refers to a fundamental principle of governance designed to maintain the equilibrium of power among the different branches of government — typically the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This system ensures that no single branch can dominate or operate unilaterally, thereby preventing the abuse of power.

For example, the legislative branch has the authority to create laws, but the executive branch has the power to veto legislation and direct the enforcement of laws. Meanwhile, the judicial branch can review laws and executive actions for their constitutionality. This interplay of powers allows each branch to limit the actions of the others, creating a system of accountability that safeguards democratic principles and protects individual rights.

The other options refer to different concepts: a legal framework for law enforcement across states pertains more to federalism, public opinion measurement involves polling and surveys, and resource management strategies relate to economics rather than governance structure.