The land that Mesopotamia occupied was primarily flat and situated between which geographical features?

The correct answer emphasizes that Mesopotamia is defined by its location between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which are its two major rivers. This geographical feature was crucial to the development of early civilizations in the region, as the rivers provided vital water resources for agriculture, facilitated trade, and supported urbanization. The rich alluvial soil deposited by periodic flooding allowed for productive farming, which was the foundation for the growth of societies such as the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Additionally, the rivers served as key transportation routes, enhancing connectivity and commerce in ancient Mesopotamia.

In contrast, while mountains and deserts surround the region, they do not play as integral a role in the defining characteristics or development of Mesopotamian society as the rivers do. Coastlines and valleys also do not pertain to the inland nature of Mesopotamia, which lacks direct access to oceans. The mention of plains and hills could reference some geographical features but lacks the significance of the rivers in relation to Mesopotamian civilization. Hence, the relationship to the two major rivers is what fundamentally shapes the historical and cultural identity of Mesopotamia.