How does a state differ from a chiefdom?

A state is characterized by a centralized authority and structured governance, which is often led by powerful officials who wield significant political power and administrative roles. This centralized leadership distinguishes states from chiefdoms, which tend to have a less formalized political structure. In chiefdoms, leadership is typically based on kinship ties, and while chiefs do hold power, their authority is not as institutionalized or widespread as that of officials in a state.

Moreover, states typically exhibit more complex social hierarchies and governance systems, including legislative, judicial, and executive branches, often led by officials who have been appointed or elected. This formalization contributes to the effective management of resources, law enforcement, and state security, which are paramount in larger, more populous societies.

In contrast, options that suggest states are decentralized or lack stratification do not apply, as states are inherently centralized and often exhibit stratified societies with distinct social classes. The notion that chiefdoms cover larger territories is also misleading, as states generally encompass more extensive land and populations than chiefdoms, which are limited in scope. Thus, the distinction lies in the centralized authority and the role of powerful officials in the governance structure of states.